Welcome to ChooseSustainable.org a blog about individual climate action. As usual, my October post is a reminder of the destructive properties of palm oil, a common ingredient in Halloween candies.
Palm oil is one of the most devastating commodities, driving deforestation, the extinction of countless species, and rampant human right abuses. Unfortunately it is found found in mass produced Halloween candies as well as other countless products. This Halloween take a few extra minutes and read the ingredients to avoid candies that contain palm oil.
Below is a link to a list of candies without palm oil. However it is always better to read the label to make sure ingredients haven’t changed.
Industrial deforestation, driven by palm oil demand, is one of the largest contributor to climate change and the largest driver of loss of biodiversity and mass extinction on the planet. Don’t finance the suffering of countless species with your money, this Halloween go palm oil free.
Orangutans are critically endangered from loss of habitat due to deforestation from the palm oil industry. A new tool developed in collaboration with the University of Chicago Data Science Institute tracks deforestation linked to 15 major brands that we use every day.
There you can check out your preferred brand and boycott products that contain palm oil. How about sustainable palm oil? That simply does not exist! Read more below about RSPO and greenwashing.
The good news is that there are alternatives to brands that use palm oil in their products. Please support those brands as much as you can. Sometime it takes just a little bit of research to find new products. I have been able to replace all my soaps and food with palm oil free alternatives at no additional cost!
The survival of Orangutans starts from our grocery list
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Helpful info: Below are the food items most likely to contain palm oil. Check out ingredients before buying
Frozen meals, ice creams, frozen waffles, and pancakes
Hand soap bars and liquid
Dishwasher soap
Laundry soap
Cosmetics (lipstick, foundation)
Beware that beauty product are not required to disclose the full ingredient list, here is a list of ingredients that reveal the presence of palm oil, keep this list handy when shopping, make sure that they are palm oil free:
Welcome to YouChoose, a blog about individual climate action.
The North American grasslands are disappearing at a fast rate causing the irreversible decline of the entire ecosystem that relies on them. Please ask congress to continue working to stop the decline by supporting improvements to the North American Grasslands Conservation Act.
Read why more action is required from the National Wildlife Federation:
The great American prairies constitute a large part of grasslands. Almost entirely destroyed by European settlers in the 19th and 20th century prairies are now one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, less than 2% of the original extension survives. You can read more about the North American Grasslands and why they matter here:
Chances are that your very lawn grows where a piece of grasslands used to be! You can change that back, by switching to native plants that once covered large part of the American landscape and have now almost disappeared.
Restore a piece of American grasslands in your backyard and help recover a disappearing ecosystem.
The map provides a climatology of minimum temperatures across the US and is a valuable tool for gardeners to decide which plants have better chance of survival in a certain region. I am placing here the 2012 and 2023 maps next to each other.
The new map confirms the warming trend we all have been feeling to some degrees, especially here in the Midwest.
Temperature is one factor that affects your plants chances of survival, but other factors such as droughts and extreme events affect your garden as well. Using native plants in your garden helps mitigate the effects of climate change on your landscape. Native plants have uniquely evolved to withstand extreme conditions. In fact there are prairie plants such as the lead plant (Amorpha canescens, just to mention one) that can tolerate extreme droughts.
If you are interested in knowing more about hardiness and ecoregions check out this nice article from the National Wildlife Federation on how to plan a sustainable garden
Don’t feel that your efforts are in vain. You can be sure that switching to native plants and pesticide-free gardening has a profound impact on the environment.
Welcome to YouChoose, a blog about individual climate action.
The Western Monarch Count from the Xerces society is out for this year. Read more about what was found and learn about the health of the Western Monarch population at the following link from the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation:
Reduce or avoid herbicide and insecticide use, especially systemic insecticides in your yard.
Avoid agricultural products that are high in pesticides and herbicides, support organic agriculture when possible
Caterpillars of all monarch butterflies feed exclusively on milkweed varieties. Choose the variety that is native to your areaLate fall nectar sources help monarchs during the fall migration
All photos in this post show the Midwest monarch butterfly. All monarch sub-varieties are facing threat of extinction.
Don’t feel that your efforts are in vain. You can be sure that switching to native plants and pesticide-free gardening has a profound impact on the environment.
Welcome to YouChoose, a blog about individual climate action.
Forests are the soul of the Earth and deforestation is an existential threat to all life on our planet. Old growth forests in particular are home to countless species of plants and animals. If you have ever been in a forest you may have felt the connection to your very own spiritual essence.
The US Forest service is seeking out public comments on its forest management plans. If you care about forests and biodiversity this is a time to make your voice heard and let the government know that you care about protecting our forests.
This is the link to the US Forest Service page where information on the proposal is given.
Please tell our government to conserve and restore old growth forests and protect them from logging and exploitation.
Here is the link to the Defenders of Wildlife petition page where you can add your name to urge the US Forest Service to stop logging and conserve US forests.
Please share the link.
Do you want to do more? Palm oil, meat, and livestock industry are the #1 cause of deforestation worldwide. Don’t finance deforestation with your own money, boycott the products of deforestation.
Welcome to YouChoose, a blog about individual climate action.
This past summer, when talking about climate change with friends and family I often heard the argument that changes have always happened and the Sun or other natural causes are responsible for them. Invariably, past glaciations and the Little Ice Age are mentioned. I was curious to understand if this view was common and so I looked at recent statistics on the subject. That is when I found out that about 46% of the population believe that climate change is due to human activity and the remaining 54% of the population think that there is no evidence of change in temperature (14%) or believe that there is a change but is due to natural causes (26%) or is not sure (14%). I have therefore decided to start a series of short posts to address these perceptions hoping to clarify some doubts and misconceptions.
As a premise, I hold a PhD in physics and work and publish in the climate field. I am not a climate modeler but work with large datasets of observations of climate variables from satellite and ground observations and more importantly, have access to relevant journals. The topic of climate change is very complex and encompasses numerous specialized disciplines. In addition to the intrinsic complexity of the field, there is a lot of often deliberately confusing information published in the news. For all these reasons I am starting here a series of short posts that discuss the evidence leading scientists to conclude that current observed global temperatures are not a response to natural forcing, but are largely due to human activities. I deliberately keep each post short and limited only to one topic. In this first post we review how the Earth’s climate has changed during the course of millions of years. This knowledge gives us a broad perspective on how the short time span during which our human species has occupied the Earth compares to the past.
Our Earth’s past climate
To place climate change in a broader perspective it is important to study the climate of the past, when human activities did not exist. Knowledge of how the Earth’s climate has reacted to changes in the past helps us understand better what has been happening in the last 100 years against a background of natural climate variability and it also guides scientists to forecast future climate scenarios. The reconstruction of past climates from paleo data is a difficult field, and many uncertainties affect the data. The presence of uncertainty is an intrinsic part of the scientific process, however when analyzed and treated properly, uncertainties do not invalidate the results, rather they make them more reliable.
In past times, just as today, the Earth’s climate has changed periodically due to a combination of factors including orbital changes, changes in greenhouse gases, and changes in the extension of the ice caps. For example, for many million years, global surface temperatures were several degrees higher than they are now. Large scale changes to the climate are generally triggered by astronomical changes, usually related to the Earth’s orbital path, and are then amplified by melting (or freezing) of the glaciers and changes in greenhouse gases. We’ll review natural triggers to climate in detail in a next post. We currently live in an epoch called Holocene that has been one of relative climate stability and is called an interglacial age. During the Holocene and especially in the recent past until preindustrial times, the Earth average temperature has been quite stable, allowing human activities to develop relatively undisturbed.
A few million years ago…
Through the ages our Earth has experienced many changes. Fig. 1, from Hansen et al., 2013, shows a reconstruction of global surface temperature in the last 65 million years. The figure is freely accessible on the internet along with the publication. You can read at the end of this post how deep ocean sediments are used to reconstruct global surface temperature to track paleoclimate. The top panel shows the Earth surface temperature starting 65 million years ago until the current Holocene Epoch. The middle and bottom panels zoom in the last 5 million years and the last 800,000 years.
What does this figure tell us?
Fig. 1 (a–c) Surface temperature estimate for the past 65.5 million years, including an expanded time scale for (b) the Pliocene and Pleistocene and (c) the past 800,000 years. The red curve has a 500,000-year resolution. Figure from Hansen et al., 2013.
At the beginning of the Cenozoic, the Earth was much warmer than today, more than 10 degrees warmer. During those times sea levels were much higher, ice caps were smaller, and CO2 levels were about 3 times what they are today. From the beginning of the Cenozoic Era the Earth’s temperature has been decreasing, becoming about 12 degrees cooler on average in the course of 50 million years but with oscillations of warming and cooling periods visible in the middle panel. From the middle panel we can discern that the amplitude of these oscillations is 4-7 degrees.
Zooming into the last 800,000 years, shown in the last panel, we can have a better look at how these oscillations look like. In the past 800,000 years there have been 8-9 cold/warm cycles alternating glacial and interglacial ages, with the last ice age, marked by an arrow in the figure, happening approximately 12,000 years ago. These cycles of glacial-interglacial periods last about 100,000 years during which the temperature changes 4-7 degrees from minimum to maximum, oscillating between 8 and 15 degrees Celsius. The last inter glacial period that started 12,000 years ago is the Holocene and is the time during which we humans have lived. Two prior inter glacial periods were warmer than the Holocene: the Eemian (~ 130,000 years ago) and the Holsteinian (~ 400,000 years ago). In both periods the sea level height was at least 3-5 meters (9-15 feet) higher than today (see for example Cuffey and Marshall, 2000).
How does all this this relate to climate change?
Scientists use past climates to understand what caused changes in order to assess if current observed trends can be attributed to natural causes. They also use past temperatures to compare to current observations and especially to the current rate of temperature changes.
Take home points from this first post:
The Earth climate has changed during the past 60 million years, generally cooling, but also going through oscillations between glacial and inter glacial periods.
These oscillations took roughly 100,000 years to complete and during the 100,000 years it took to complete a cycle the Earth temperature changed 4-7 degrees from minimum to maximum.
We currently live in an interglacial period called Holocene
During the last 2 interglacial periods before the Holocene (about 400,000 and 130,000 years ago) temperatures probably reached at least 1 degree higher than the preindustrial temperature.
In the next post we’ll zoom into the Holocene (last 12,000 years) and then into the last few thousand years and we’ll compare those data with the more recent global temperature measurements.
References:
Hansen J., Sato M., Russell G. and Kharecha P., 2013: Climate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 371:20120294 http://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0294
Cuffey, K., Marshall, S., 2000: Substantial contribution to sea-level rise during the last interglacial from the Greenland ice sheet. Nature, 404, 591–594. https://doi.org/10.1038/35007053
Appendix
How are past global surface temperatures reconstructed?
Temperature back in time are reconstructed from oceanic sediments with the help of an isotope of oxygen (Oxygen-18) found in deep ocean sediments. This standard methodology uses the fact that most of the Oxygen has 8 neutron (Oxygen-16), but a small percentage of oxygen molecules occurs naturally with 10 neutrons (Oxygen-18). Oxygen-16 evaporates more promptly and enters in the Earth hydrologic cycle through precipitation and freezing. In a warmer climate the Oceans, and therefore its inhabitants, contains more of the Oxygen-16 isotope, in colder climate they contain more of the Oxygen-18. Moreover there is a well-defined relationship between the ratio of the 2 isotopes and the change in air temperature that allows to translate the sediments found into temperature once calibrated with a well-known reference. [https://pages.uoregon.edu/rdorsey/geo334/O-isotopes.html]
Additional web site
If you are interested in detailed information or in-dept discussions on recently published work I recommend this web site, maintained by climate scientists: https://www.realclimate.org
The NASA climate page explains the current state of the knowledge on climate at: https://climate.nasa.gov/
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